The Stages of Eczema

Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Stages of This Skin Condition

Eczema has three stages: acute, subacute (healing stage), and chronic. Each eczema stage has unique symptoms, though the most familiar is a red, scaly, blistered rash. Some people move from one eczema healing stage to another, but they do not always do so in order.

This article will cover the three stages of eczema and the symptoms of each one, as well as common eczema treatments at each stage of healing.

How Eczema Stages Progress

Eczema (atopic dermatitis) almost always starts with red, itchy skin. The irritation can appear on any part of the body but most often breaks out around the eyes or on the hands, neck, elbows, knees, ankles, or feet.

Researchers aren't sure why, but eczema seems to be more common in people who have a family history of asthmaenvironmental allergies, or food allergies. While some children outgrow eczema, it can be a lifelong condition for others.

Eczema does not always go through the three stages in order. For example, a rash may start during the acute stage and then move to the healing stage and chronic stages. It can also start at the subacute stage and either stay there or return to the acute stage.

The same rash can cycle through the stages many times. An eczema rash can also start and stop at nearly any stage.

It's not clear why eczema rashes progress from one stage to another. One possibility is that the process is put in motion when someone has contact with eczema triggers. Researchers think hormonal shifts and changes in the skin's balance of natural bacteria (microbiome) could also be involved.

Acute Stage Eczema

The acute stage of eczema is when a rash has just started. Eczema symptoms are usually intense during the first phase because there is a lot of inflammation (often called a flare-up).

Itching is typically the first sign of acute eczema. The itching often starts even before the rash shows up. That’s one way that eczema is different from other common rashes. 

What Causes Acute Eczema?

Acute eczema can be caused by:

  • Contact with allergens (like poison ivy or poison oak) 
  • An Interface Dermatitis (ID) reaction (a skin rash that develops in one part of the body as a reaction to an infection in another, usually from something like fungus)
  • Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies growing on the skin

Sometimes, a flare-up of eczema doesn't have a specific trigger and is just a sign that the condition worsens.

The acute stage of eczema can cause:

  • Bumps
  • Extreme redness
  • Fluid-filled blisters (vesicles) that may ooze
  • Intense itching
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Tenderness
A person with eczema (atopic dermatitis) on their legs

Reproduced with permission from © DermNet New Zealand and © Dr. Richard Ashton www.dermnetnz.org 2023.

Acute Stage Eczema Treatments

There are various treatment options for acute eczema, including:

  • Over-the-counter (OTC) hydrocortisone cream or antihistamine to suppress the immune system response.
  • Cool, wet compresses to help soothe symptoms.
  • Prescription topical steroids to reduce inflammation
  • Oral steroids if the rash is severe or widespread
  • Antibiotics for an infected rash

Subacute (Healing) Stage Eczema

The subacute stage of eczema is the most common. Acute eczema rashes may move into a new phase as they heal. However, healing eczema rashes can flare up again if not treated. In this case, eczema goes into the subacute stage. In this stage, healing eczema may even return to the acute phase.

The subacute stage is in the "middle" of the progression, but eczema can also start at this stage. Long-lasting subacute rashes can also become chronic.

During the subacute stage, eczema can cause:

  • Cracks in the skin
  • Flaky, scaly skin
  • Itching, burning, and/or stinging
  • Redness that can be less intense than the acute stage but is not always

There is still inflammation of the skin in the subacute stage. Some eczema symptoms are less severe in the subacute stage than in the acute stage—especially itching. However, symptoms like burning and stinging are usually more intense during the subacute stage.

Subacute eczema (atopic dermatitis) on a person's limbs

Reproduced with permission from ©DermNet New Zealand www.dermnetnz.org 2023.

The rash will also be dry during the healing stage rather than blistered and oozing like it was during the acute stage.

Subacute (Healing) Stage Eczema Treatments

Here are a few strategies you can try to manage symptoms of healing or the subacute stage of eczema: 

Chronic Stage Eczema

Chronic stage eczema means that flares are longer-lasting. In general, it takes three or more months for chronic eczema symptoms to appear.

Chronic eczema is not just determined by a timeframe—it has unique symptoms that are different from the other two stages. 

The symptoms of chronic eczema include:

  • Cracks in the skin
  • Dark, dull, or discolored skin
  • Deeper skin lines
  • Larger areas of skin breakdown (excoriations)
  • Itching
  • Thickened, leathery-looking skin or lichenification (lichen simplex chronicus)

Eczema symptoms in the chronic stage can be severe. Just like during the acute stage, the urge to itch can be overwhelming. However, many symptoms during the chronic stage are caused and made worse by repeated scratching.

Chronic Stage Eczema Treatments

Treatments for chronic stage eczema are similar to those used during the healing stage and include:

  • Stronger topical steroids to control symptoms (these can be more effective when they’re covered with a barrier, such as plastic wrap)
  • Moisturizers for soothing skin

If you haven’t already, you may want to talk to your provider about newer prescription treatments like biologics that have been approved to treat moderate-to-severe eczema. You can also ask about trying treatments like phototherapy for chronic eczema.

Eczema can cause the skin to itch, which can lead to scratching. When clear fluid drains from the skin after itching, it is called weeping eczema. As this fluid dries, it forms a crust on the skin. Speak to a healthcare professional about the best ways to prevent itching.

Signs of Healing

Most people experience eczema as a progression, and it can be helpful to know how to recognize signs of healing. As eczema moves from the acute phase to the sub-acute (healing) phase, the skin might become flaky and dry, with cracks in the skin and decreasing redness. It might burn or sting, but again, symptoms tend to improve during healing.

Healthcare providers often use a protocol known as "get control and keep control" when treating eczema. As healing begins, speak with your healthcare professional about how the management of your eczema should progress. For example, the frequency of topical steroid use might decrease once healing is underway.

Complications of Eczema

People with eczema might have trouble sleeping because of the discomfort of the condition, which can lead to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. It also increases the chances of infections like conjunctivitis and blepharitis.

Because eczema can lead to broken skin, a possibility for infection exists. Because of this, people with eczema-related complications might need to take antibiotics. Antibiotic overuse can lead to treatment-resistant infection and complications like C. difficile infection.

Although it is extremely rare, these complications from eczema can lead to septic shock.

Summary

It helps to know what you can expect during the three stages of eczema: acute, subacute (healing), and chronic. While providers call the stages a "progression," the stages of eczema do not always proceed one right after another. 

Many cases of eczema start in the subacute stage and stay there. Eczema in the healing stage can also work backward, especially when it's not being treated. Over time, eczema flares can start lasting longer and become chronic. 

The uncertainty of having eczema is why understanding the symptoms of each stage will be helpful when you talk to your provider to make a treatment plan.

14 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. American Academy of Dermatology Association. Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis overview.

  2. National Eczema Association. An overview of the different types of eczema.

  3. National Eczema Association. Atopic dermatitis.

  4. Wollina U. Microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017 Feb 22;10:51-56. doi:10.2147/CCID.S130013

  5. National Eczema Association. Eczema causes and triggers.

  6. National Eczema Association. What is eczema?.

  7. Thomsen SF. Atopic dermatitis: Natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. ISRN Allergy. 2014 Apr 2;2014:354250. doi:10.1155/2014/354250

  8. Halling-Overgaard AS, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP. Management of atopic hand dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2017 Jul;35(3):365-372. doi:10.1016/j.det.2017.02.010

  9. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Eczema (atopic dermatitis).

  10. National Eczema Association. Prescription phototherapy.

  11. National Eczema Association. Available eczema treatments.

  12. Olabi B, Williams HC. Evidence-based management of eczema: five things that should be done more and five things that should be dropped. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;21(4):386-393. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000750

  13. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. National Institutes of Health. Atopic dermatitis.

  14. Wang V, Boguniewicz J, Boguniewicz M, Ong PY. The infectious complications of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(1):3-12. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.002

By Heather L. Brannon, MD
Heather L. Brannon, MD, is a family practice physician in Mauldin, South Carolina. She has been in practice for over 20 years.